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1) The writer implies in several places that "Sassenach" refers to any "outlander," not to the English in particular. Is that the case? And while we're on the subject, is that the correct spelling? I don't know if Gaelic adheres to the "caol le caol" rule...
It's exactly as in Irish. Sasanach is spelt Sasannach in Gaelic. "Sassenach" is just an Anglicized spelling. And it means English, not "outlander" in general.
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2) When the characters address other people, they use "mo" (or sometimes "mi"), where in Irish we'd use the vocative particle. Is that what's done in Gaelic?
"mi" = mé in Irish, so it's not a possessive.
But it's true that one can use "mo" in the vocative in Gaelic, unlike Irish.
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3) Also, there doesn't appear to be any lenition after "mo," as there would be in Irish. Would that normally be the case?
the rules are exactly the same ones as in Irish, so if they don't lenite a word after "mo", it's a mistake.
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The books are OK...not exactly great literature, but they pass the time. It's been driving me crazy, though, seeing these things and wondering if they're correct. I've seen enough bad Irish in popular novels to make me suspicious.
probably bad Gaelic there too, although I'd need to see more excerpts to be sure 100%